Cognitive Support

A porcine brain-derived peptide preparation with neurotrophic properties, approved in several countries for stroke recovery and cognitive disorders.

The first FDA-approved treatment for Rett syndrome, a synthetic analogue of a naturally occurring IGF-1 tripeptide fragment.

An endogenous 29-amino-acid (30 in humans) neuropeptide discovered in 1983 by Tatemoto, signaling through three G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes (GAL1, GAL2, GAL3) and modulating feeding, mood, nociception, seizure activity, and basal-forebrain cholinergic neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

A family of endogenous opioid peptides derived from the prodynorphin (PDYN) gene that are selective agonists at the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), best known as the dysphoric, aversive, stress-induced counterpart to the euphoric mu-receptor-preferring beta-endorphin system, and the biological target of the new generation of KOR-antagonist antidepressants (aticaprant, navacaprant).

An endogenous 13-amino-acid neuropeptide isolated from bovine hypothalamus by Robert Carraway and Susan Leeman in 1973, signaling through three receptors (NTS1, NTS2, and the sortilin/NTS3 sorting receptor) and modulating dopaminergic transmission, gastrointestinal motility, thermoregulation, blood pressure, and analgesia — with major translational interest in NTS1 agonists for schizophrenia and NTS1-targeted radioligand therapy in cancer.

A short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist originally approved for type 2 diabetes, now studied for slowing motor decline in early Parkinson's disease.

The smallest hypothalamic releasing hormone — a tripeptide that drives TSH and prolactin secretion and was the first hypothalamic factor to be isolated and sequenced, earning Guillemin and Schally the 1977 Nobel Prize.

A naturally occurring neuropeptide with anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and immune-modulating properties. Early clinical data exists for pulmonary hypertension; other therapeutic uses remain under investigation.

A naturally occurring dipeptide concentrated in muscle and brain tissue, studied for anti-aging, cognitive support, and exercise performance.

An endogenous 20-amino-acid neuropeptide named for its highly conserved N-terminal serine residue, discovered by Xu, Reinscheid, and Civelli at UC Irvine in 2004 by reverse-pharmacology deorphanization of GPR154 (now NPSR1) — pharmacologically distinctive for producing simultaneous wakefulness/arousal AND anxiolytic effects, a combination that classical anxiolytics do not deliver, and the molecular substrate for the natural-short-sleeper NPSR1 mutation identified in human pedigrees.

A recently discovered (Yosten, Lyu, Hsueh, Samson 2013) endogenous neuropeptide derived from the small integral membrane protein 20 (SMIM20) precursor — biologically active in two forms (PNX-14 and PNX-20), signaling through the orphan receptor GPR173, and characterized as a positive regulator of GnRH/kisspeptin reproductive signaling with additional documented roles in anxiety, memory, cardiovascular function, food intake, and thirst.

A synthetic peptide analog of ACTH(4-10) developed in Russia, studied for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection.

A synthetic peptide analog of tuftsin with anxiolytic and nootropic properties, developed in Russia.

An enhanced version of Selank with improved stability, studied for anxiety reduction and cognitive enhancement.

The longevity protein discovered in 1997 as a mouse-aging-syndrome gene, now the subject of rigorous cognitive-aging research (the KL-VS variant confers real cognitive protection) and a grey-market 'Klotho peptide' industry that oversells early-stage academic work.

A mitochondria-derived peptide with cytoprotective properties, studied for neuroprotection, metabolic regulation, and anti-aging effects.

A neuropeptide that regulates wakefulness, arousal, and appetite. Its deficiency causes narcolepsy.

A potent angiotensin IV analog studied for cognitive enhancement. Its Dihexa-derived prodrug fosgonimeton failed its Phase 2/3 Alzheimer's trial (LIFT-AD, 2024), and the foundational 2014 HGF/c-Met mechanism paper was retracted in 2025 — material context that reshapes how the preclinical literature should be read.

A short tripeptide studied for neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties, part of the Khavinson peptide bioregulator family.

A synthetic peptide bioregulator targeting brain cortex function, studied for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection in aging.

A CNTF-derived peptide that promotes neurogenesis and has shown promise in Alzheimer's disease research.

A low-molecular-weight dimeric dipeptide mimetic of nerve growth factor's fourth beta-turn loop, designed to reproduce NGF's neurotrophic effects at TrkA without the pain-sensitizing side effects of full-length NGF.

A low-molecular-weight dimeric dipeptide mimetic of the fourth loop of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), designed at the Zakusov Institute in Moscow and studied preclinically as an antidepressant and neuroprotective agent.

A neuropeptide encoded in the same prepronociceptin gene as nociceptin/orphanin FQ that functionally opposes nociceptin's actions — attenuating allodynia and hyperalgesia in animal models through a receptor system distinct from the NOP receptor.

A chemically modified version of Semax designed for improved stability. No published clinical or preclinical data exists for this specific compound.

An enhanced derivative of Semax with N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal adamantane modification, engineered for superior blood-brain barrier penetration, BDNF upregulation, and sustained nootropic effects.